In hot water

Wildfires spread across Canada. Floods deluge Italy, killing more than a dozen. Droughts wreak havoc in France and Spain. And it all takes place in the same week.

This may be only the start. Extreme weather events are due to become even more frequent and severe due to climate change, experts predict. Some warn that we are on the precipice of a tipping point - and on the other side is possible mass extinction. But have we missed our chance to help the planet?

In 2015, 196 countries signed the Paris agreementAn agreement signed by 196 countries to try to limit global warming.. It was a historic moment. They agreed to "pursue efforts" to limit global temperature rises to 1.5C. But this week, a report published by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has found that there is now a 66% chance that the Earth will exceed 1.5C - a key temperature limit - above pre-industrial levels between now and 2027. 

The WMO report found that the Earth's average temperature has already increased by 1.1C since pre-industrial levels, and that the rate of warming is accelerating. Scientists believe that carbon emissionsWhen a gas is let off from something, like a car, it is an emission. Carbon dioxide, or CO2, is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. from human activity are to blame for the increase in temperature. To make things worse, the current El Nino weather pattern is likely to contribute to the Earth's temperature temporarily exceeding 1.5C in the next few years.

El Nino is a climate event that occurs every few years. The Pacific Ocean warms up causing changes in the atmosphere, which can lead to a variety of weather changes around the world. The Arctic becomes warmer, and the British Isles become rainier.

The temperature increase due to El Nino is likely only to be temporary. But experts still say this is a worrying sign. Warming of 1.5C is widely considered to be a threshold beyond which the impacts of climate change will become more severe and perhaps irreversible.

But is too much pessimism actually unhelpful? Some psychologists believe that scaring people into taking action is not always the best way to get them to do something. Instead, it causes anxiety - and that anxiety can sometimes lead to inaction. The better thing to do, they argue, would be to look for solutions. 

Many scientists say there is still lots we can do. Technologies to reduce greenhouse gasGases in the Earth's atmosphere that trap heat, contributing to global warming. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour are all greenhouse gases. emissions such as green energy and carbon captureTechnology which captures carbon dioxide from the air and transports it to storage sites underwater, preventing it from warming the atmosphere. and sequestrationThe process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide, so that it does not cause global warming. are still in their infancy. Others point out that if we focus on individual actions we can drive change more widely. This might include making lifestyle changes such as travelling less or eating less meat. 

And others argue that what is really needed is structural change from governments and corporations if we want to make a real difference. Many believe that there is still time and potential for these things to happen.

The Italian MarxistA supporter of the left-wing political, economic and philosophical ideas of Karl Marx. philosopher and politician Antonio Gramsci famously said that we should have "pessimism of the intellect, optimism of the will". He was expressing the idea that it is important to be realistic about the challenges that we face, but that we should never give up hope.

Yes: The world has already warmed by about 1C since the Industrial RevolutionA period of sudden, rapid industrialisation that transforms a country from an agricultural to an industrial economy., and is on track to warm by an additional 1.5C. This warming is already having a significant impact on the planet.

No: It is still possible to limit global warming to 1.5C over the long term. New technologies are being developed all the time which are making this more likely. This would require a rapid and dramatic reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, but it is not impossible.

Or... Whether or not we have missed our chance to stop global warming depends on our actions in the next few years. If we take bold action to reduce emissions, then we can still avoid the worst impacts of climate change.