At the beginning of Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird, Scout and her brother Jem are preoccupied with school, friends, and the spooky home of the mysterious Boo Radley. But this innocence is turned on its head when their father, a well-respected lawyer named Atticus Finch, agrees to defend a local Black man, Tom Robinson, from a false rape charge. The children's eyes are opened to the brutality and injustice of the racism in their hometown — and across the rest of the USA. For many readers, the lessons they learn from their father contain some of the most poignant messages of American literature.
To Kill a Mockingbird
At the beginning of Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird, Scout and her brother Jem are preoccupied with school, friends, and the spooky home of the mysterious Boo Radley. But this innocence is turned on its head when their father, a well-respected lawyer named Atticus Finch, agrees to defend a local Black man, Tom Robinson, from a false rape charge. The children's eyes are opened to the brutality and injustice of the racism in their hometown - and across the rest of the USA. For many readers, the lessons they learn from their father contain some of the most poignant messages of American literature.
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Scout notices a range of injustices throughout To Kill A Mockingbird, including classism and sexism, but racism is by far the most pervasive form of bigotryPrejudice towards a certain group, and an unwillingness to change your mind. in the novel. In Maycomb there is a strict hierarchy, in which Black people and working class White people are decidedly at the bottom. A lot of tension is caused by this: the Ewells, who are described as "White trash", are pitted against Tom Robinson, who is a Black man. What ensues is in many ways a power struggle. The novel is set during a time of racial reform which made the legal distinction between different racial identities less clear-cut. This gave working class White people status anxiety, feeling that they would be even less powerful if people of other races were afforded the same rights. The trial and Tom's conviction are a reassertion of racial inequality at a time when the equal rights of Black people were advancing slowly towards being concretised in law. It reflects the extent to which racial prejudice is social as well as political and legal.
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Scout and Jem begin the novel as youthful innocents who believe in the fundamental good of people and institutions. As young, relatively affluent White people, their experience of the world has thus far confirmed this. By the end of the novel, they have confronted evil, wrongdoing, injustice and violence. This amounts to a moral and social education, whereby they come to understand that racial prejudice, ignorance and hatred have far-reaching and perniciousHarmful. effects.
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The Finch family provides an excellent model for family relationships. Atticus treats Jem and Scout like equals, answering the questions that they want answered and encouraging them to behave like mature adults rather than children. In return, they call him by his first name. Atticus disproves of gossip and encourages Jem and Scout to think kindly of Boo. He also treats Calpurnia, their Black cook, as a member of the family rather than an employee, encouraging his children to recognise their privilege and be kind to those around them, even if they have a lower social status. By contrast, the Ewell family with its abusive patriarch Bob can be seen as a harmful model for a family.
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Atticus is the novel's moral anchor, and he teaches both Jem and Scout lessons of courage that they will never forget. He says that courage means "when you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what". A humanising force, he confronts the difficult circumstances of the trial with empathy towards and a desire to understand everyone involved. He continues this pursuit even when he is afforded no empathy by those around him, who taunt and threaten him for fighting Tom Robinson's corner. Atticus' courage and compassion are also mirrored by Boo Radley, who leaves small gifts for the children and saves them from an attack by Bob Ewell.
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To Kill a Mockingbird is profoundly critical of the justice system, pointing out that its inherent racism prevents fair trials. Though Atticus establishes in front of the jury that Mayella and Bob Ewell are lying, and all of the townspeople acknowledge that they are unreliable, the jury nonetheless convicts Tom Robinson. Furthermore, whilst Atticus hopes that the unjust result of the trial can be reversed with an overturned verdict, Tom is ultimately killed inhumanely when he tries to escape prison.
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Keywords
Bigotry - Prejudice towards a certain group, and an unwillingness to change your mind.
Pernicious - Harmful.
To Kill a Mockingbird
Glossary
Bigotry - Prejudice towards a certain group, and an unwillingness to change your mind.
Pernicious - Harmful.