What are the top five things that make people happy? Power and influence? Money and fame? Or good looks and sporting ability?

Last month, the World Happiness Report 2024 was released. It showed that the happiest countries are Nordic: Finland, Denmark, Iceland and Sweden. But it also showed several countries in Eastern Europe rising up the ranks, thanks to the happiness of people under 30.

Studies of these countries - Romania, Lithuania and the Czech Republic - found several things in common. The citizens of all three have new educational and economic opportunities thanks to European integration. But they also have access to nature, a good work-life balance, and plenty of time for friends, family and the outdoors.¹

These findings support the five pillars of happiness proposed by the influential Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung.

First, good mental and physical health. Second, strong relationships with family and friends. Third, the ability to see beauty in art and nature. Fourth, a decent standard of living and meaningful work. Fifth, a religious or philosophical worldview that helps when times are tough.

These days, there is a lot of of research suggesting Jung was right. For example, the Harvard Study of Adult Development found that fulfilling relationships with friends and partners were just as important for wellbeing as exercise, healthy eating, and not smoking.² According to the director of the project, Marc Schulz, "Good relationships keep us happier and healthier."

However, some people think Jung's list is missing a few important items. For example, the Nordic countries have high amounts of trust - known as social cohesion - as well as good public services and low levels of inequality.³

Pursuing happiness as a goal rarely works. Instead, we should aim for "happierness". This is the idea that contentment comes from constantly making small improvements in our lives.

The word was coined by the celebrated TV host Oprah Winfrey in her book Build the Life You Want. According to Arthur C Brooks, the co-author of the book, "Happiness is not a destination. It's a direction." So, even if total happiness is impossible, "happierness" is something we can all achieve.

Do these goals still work today?

Yes: Modern research on how to be happy has shown that Carl Jung was right. We all need to focus on health, social connections, and time spent in nature.

No: The happiest countries in the world have strong societies with good public services and high levels of trust. If we want to be happier, we must make society more equal.

Or... Complete happiness is impossible. But, if we try to make progress with friends, family, work and our outlook on the world, we can all be happier in our lives.