Michelle O'NeillShe comes from a family with strong IRA connections. One of her cousins was shot by the British army while attempting to kill a Protestant, and another was imprisoned for bombing a police station. and Mary Lou MacdonaldPresident of Sinn Fein since 2018. were jubilant. Their party, Sinn FeinThe name is Irish for we ourselves. During the Troubles, the party was seen as the mouthpiece of the IRA, which is why many people view it with suspicion., had just emerged as the winner in the Northern Ireland elections. It put O'Neill on course to become the first minister in the country's assembly. No woman - and no republican - has held the post before. "Today represents a very significant moment of change," she declared. "It's a defining moment for our politics and our people."

Sinn Fein won 27 seats, two more than its closest rivals, the Democratic Unionist PartyFounded by Ian Paisley, it overtook the more traditional Ulster Unionist Party in popularity in 2004. (DUP). According to opinion polls, it is also the most popular partyIt is believed to have the support of 34% of voters. in the Republic of Ireland - though it is not in government there.

Ultimately, it hopes to win power both north and south of the border and unite Ireland. It has said that it would like to see a referendum on the matter in the next five to ten years. But there are plenty of challenges to overcome first.

Northern Ireland was created by the British government in 1921 with a border designed to ensure a permanent majority of Protestants who wanted to remain part of the UK. The Protestant Unionists took advantage of this to run the country for their own benefit, treating the Catholic minority as second-class citizensCatholics were often denied housing and jobs because of their religion..

In 1967 the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association was founded to end such discrimination. But it was met with violent opposition from Protestants, resulting in the three decades of bloodshed known as the Troubles. Terrorists emerged on both sides, with many Catholics supporting the IRA and many Protestants supporting groups such as the UVFShort for the Ulster Volunteer Force. .

Peace was finally achieved in 1998 through the Good Friday Agreement, and a power-sharing government of Unionists and republicans was established at Stormont.

Until Thursday, the Unionists had won every electionThere are still more Unionists than republicans in the Northern Ireland assembly when those from parties such as the Ulster Unionist Party are included.. But their support for a hard Brexit - even though Northern Ireland as a whole voted to remain in the EU - and steady growth in the Catholic population, have undermined their position.

The Good Friday Agreement states that a referendum should be held if the majority of Northern Irish voters seem likely to support unification with the Republic. However, the person who decides this is a member of the British government, the secretary of state for Northern Ireland - and the present one is against such a vote.

It is not clear, in any case, that Sinn Fein will be able to form a government. To do so, it needs the co-operation of the DUP, which is refusing to give it unless the Northern Ireland protocol is dropped.

Nor is it clear that Sinn Fein would win a referendum. An opinion poll last month found that only 37% of people in Northern Ireland wanted a united Ireland. Enthusiasm in the Republic is limited too, with 43% of people saying they oppose the idea.

Sinn Fein's triumph could also be short-lived. The DUP only lost because supporters defected to other Unionist parties. And the biggest advancesThe party almost doubled its number of seats, from 9 to 17. were made by the Alliance Party, which seeks to bridge the divide between Unionists and republicans.

Yes: It is the only thing that makes geographical sense. The existing border was created to suit British politicians. A majority on both sides want to belong to the EU.

No: At least 50% of Northern Irish people are against it, as well as many of those in the Republic. The quarrels between Catholics and Protestants would continue, and destabilise the whole of Ireland. 

Or... Northern Ireland cannot make any progress while it is dominated by two parties associated with the violence and bigotry of the past. The only hope lies in the rise of moderate politicians.