"You guys have toyed with me and tried to black ball anyone whoever opposes your agenda." Half chilling, half absurd. No-one seemed to know what to make of a strange anti-SemiticShowing hatred or prejudice towards Jewish people. rant that rapper Kanye West, now known as Ye, posted on social media over the weekend.

Yet this is about something bigger than Ye. One of the first people to welcome him back to Twitter was Elon MuskA South African-born entrepreneur whose companies have included the online payment service PayPal. He now controls Twitter, renamed 'X'., who will soon be the platform's owner.

Musk calls himself a free speech absolutistBelieving that one idea or one ruler is much better than any others. who is opposed to moderationAvoiding extremes and doing something within reasonable limits. on social media. Some users fear that when he takes over, it will become much easier to post racist material on Twitter.

And some worry the whole episode shows that bigotryPrejudice towards a certain group, and an unwillingness to change your mind. is becoming more and more normalised.

But surveys suggest that in many ways, people's attitudes are becoming less bigoted, not more. In 2021, 45% of British people thought equal opportunities for Black and Asian people had not gone far enough. In 2000, this figure was just 25%.¹

However, the same surveys show that attitudes towards certain groups are going in the other direction. In 2016, 58% of the population thought transgender people should be able to change the sex on their birth certificate.² Today, it has dropped to 32%.

Pollsters warn that Islamophobia has also gone mainstream. Just under 26% of the British public hold negative feelings towards Muslims.³ Hate crimes against Muslims have risen by 42% in just the last year.

Jewish people are likewise facing a rise in discrimination. Last year saw the highest ever number of anti-Semitic incidents in the USA. An elderly Jewish woman in France was murdered by two young men in 2018, and her apartment burned.

And the Covid-19 pandemic saw a rise in discrimination against east Asians. In many countries, Asian people were attacked in the streets.

Yes: We are living in unstable, uncertain times, which historically have always tended to produce racism. When people feel under threat they turn towards their in-group.

No: The overall trend is still towards greater tolerance and acceptance. In the end, people do not want to hate their neighbours; they will only be bigoted if they fall under bad influences.

Or... There is no one trend in bigotry: it is lessening towards some groups, and increasing towards others. To understand bigotry, we need to understand why hatred towards particular people rises and falls.